Docs plain-postgres plain postgres sql query.py
Raw LLM
"""
Create SQL statements for QuerySets.

The code in here encapsulates all of the SQL construction so that QuerySets
themselves do not have to. This module has to know all about the internals of
models in order to get the information it needs.
"""

from __future__ import annotations

import copy
import difflib
import functools
import sys
from collections import Counter
from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Iterator, Mapping
from collections.abc import Iterator as TypingIterator
from functools import cached_property
from itertools import chain, count, product
from string import ascii_uppercase
from typing import (
    TYPE_CHECKING,
    Any,
    Literal,
    NamedTuple,
    Self,
    TypeVar,
    cast,
    overload,
)

from plain.postgres.aggregates import Count
from plain.postgres.constants import LOOKUP_SEP, OnConflict
from plain.postgres.db import NotSupportedError, get_connection
from plain.postgres.exceptions import FieldDoesNotExist, FieldError
from plain.postgres.expressions import (
    BaseExpression,
    Col,
    Exists,
    F,
    OuterRef,
    Ref,
    ResolvableExpression,
    ResolvedOuterRef,
    Value,
)
from plain.postgres.fields import Field
from plain.postgres.fields.related_lookups import MultiColSource
from plain.postgres.lookups import Lookup
from plain.postgres.query_utils import (
    PathInfo,
    Q,
    check_rel_lookup_compatibility,
    refs_expression,
)
from plain.postgres.sql.constants import INNER, LOUTER, ORDER_DIR, SINGLE
from plain.postgres.sql.datastructures import BaseTable, Empty, Join, MultiJoin
from plain.postgres.sql.where import AND, OR, ExtraWhere, NothingNode, WhereNode
from plain.utils.regex_helper import _lazy_re_compile
from plain.utils.tree import Node

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from plain.postgres import Model
    from plain.postgres.connection import DatabaseConnection
    from plain.postgres.fields.related import RelatedField
    from plain.postgres.fields.reverse_related import ForeignObjectRel
    from plain.postgres.meta import Meta
    from plain.postgres.sql.compiler import (
        SQLAggregateCompiler,
        SQLCompiler,
        SQLDeleteCompiler,
        SQLInsertCompiler,
        SQLUpdateCompiler,
        SqlWithParams,
    )

__all__ = [
    "Query",
    "RawQuery",
    "DeleteQuery",
    "UpdateQuery",
    "InsertQuery",
    "AggregateQuery",
]


# Quotation marks ('"`[]), whitespace characters, semicolons, or inline
# SQL comments are forbidden in column aliases.
FORBIDDEN_ALIAS_PATTERN = _lazy_re_compile(r"['`\"\]\[;\s]|--|/\*|\*/")

# Inspired from
# https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-syntax-lexical.html#SQL-SYNTAX-IDENTIFIERS
EXPLAIN_OPTIONS_PATTERN = _lazy_re_compile(r"[\w\-]+")


def get_field_names_from_opts(meta: Meta | None) -> set[str]:
    if meta is None:
        return set()
    return set(
        chain.from_iterable(
            (f.name, f.attname) if f.concrete else (f.name,) for f in meta.get_fields()
        )
    )


def get_children_from_q(q: Q) -> TypingIterator[tuple[str, Any]]:
    for child in q.children:
        if isinstance(child, Node):
            yield from get_children_from_q(child)
        else:
            yield child


class JoinInfo(NamedTuple):
    """Information about a join operation in a query."""

    final_field: Field[Any]
    targets: tuple[Field[Any], ...]
    meta: Meta
    joins: list[str]
    path: list[PathInfo]
    transform_function: Callable[[Field[Any], str | None], BaseExpression]


class RawQuery:
    """A single raw SQL query."""

    def __init__(self, sql: str, params: tuple[Any, ...] | dict[str, Any] = ()):
        self.params = params
        self.sql = sql
        self.cursor: Any = None

        # Mirror some properties of a normal query so that
        # the compiler can be used to process results.
        self.low_mark, self.high_mark = 0, None  # Used for offset/limit
        self.extra_select = {}
        self.annotation_select = {}

    def chain(self) -> RawQuery:
        return self.clone()

    def clone(self) -> RawQuery:
        return RawQuery(self.sql, params=self.params)

    def get_columns(self) -> list[str]:
        if self.cursor is None:
            self._execute_query()
        return [column_meta[0] for column_meta in self.cursor.description]

    def __iter__(self) -> TypingIterator[Any]:
        # Always execute a new query for a new iterator.
        # This could be optimized with a cache at the expense of RAM.
        self._execute_query()
        return iter(self.cursor)

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}: {self}>"

    @property
    def params_type(self) -> type[dict] | type[tuple] | None:
        if self.params is None:
            return None
        return dict if isinstance(self.params, Mapping) else tuple

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        if self.params_type is None:
            return self.sql
        return self.sql % self.params_type(self.params)

    def _execute_query(self) -> None:
        self.cursor = get_connection().cursor()
        self.cursor.execute(self.sql, self.params)


class ExplainInfo(NamedTuple):
    """Information about an EXPLAIN query."""

    format: str | None
    options: dict[str, Any]


class TransformWrapper:
    """Wrapper for transform functions that supports the has_transforms attribute.

    This replaces functools.partial for transform functions, allowing proper
    type checking while supporting dynamic attribute assignment.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        func: Callable[..., BaseExpression],
        **kwargs: Any,
    ):
        self._partial = functools.partial(func, **kwargs)
        self.has_transforms: bool = False

    def __call__(self, field: Field[Any], alias: str | None) -> BaseExpression:
        return self._partial(field, alias)


QueryType = TypeVar("QueryType", bound="Query")


class Query(BaseExpression):
    """A single SQL query."""

    alias_prefix = "T"
    empty_result_set_value = None
    subq_aliases = frozenset([alias_prefix])

    base_table_class = BaseTable
    join_class = Join

    default_cols = True
    default_ordering = True
    standard_ordering = True

    filter_is_sticky = False
    subquery = False

    # SQL-related attributes.
    # Select and related select clauses are expressions to use in the SELECT
    # clause of the query. The select is used for cases where we want to set up
    # the select clause to contain other than default fields (values(),
    # subqueries...). Note that annotations go to annotations dictionary.
    select = ()
    # The group_by attribute can have one of the following forms:
    #  - None: no group by at all in the query
    #  - A tuple of expressions: group by (at least) those expressions.
    #    String refs are also allowed for now.
    #  - True: group by all select fields of the model
    # See compiler.get_group_by() for details.
    group_by = None
    order_by = ()
    low_mark = 0  # Used for offset/limit.
    high_mark = None  # Used for offset/limit.
    distinct = False
    distinct_fields = ()
    select_for_update = False
    select_for_update_nowait = False
    select_for_update_skip_locked = False
    select_for_update_of = ()
    select_for_no_key_update = False
    select_related: bool | dict[str, Any] = False
    has_select_fields = False
    # Arbitrary limit for select_related to prevents infinite recursion.
    max_depth = 5
    # Holds the selects defined by a call to values() or values_list()
    # excluding annotation_select and extra_select.
    values_select = ()

    # SQL annotation-related attributes.
    annotation_select_mask = None
    _annotation_select_cache = None

    # These are for extensions. The contents are more or less appended verbatim
    # to the appropriate clause.
    extra_select_mask = None
    _extra_select_cache = None

    extra_tables = ()
    extra_order_by = ()

    # A tuple that is a set of model field names and either True, if these are
    # the fields to defer, or False if these are the only fields to load.
    deferred_loading = (frozenset(), True)

    explain_info = None

    def __init__(self, model: type[Model] | None, alias_cols: bool = True):
        self.model = model
        self.alias_refcount = {}
        # alias_map is the most important data structure regarding joins.
        # It's used for recording which joins exist in the query and what
        # types they are. The key is the alias of the joined table (possibly
        # the table name) and the value is a Join-like object (see
        # sql.datastructures.Join for more information).
        self.alias_map = {}
        # Whether to provide alias to columns during reference resolving.
        self.alias_cols = alias_cols
        # Sometimes the query contains references to aliases in outer queries (as
        # a result of split_exclude). Correct alias quoting needs to know these
        # aliases too.
        # Map external tables to whether they are aliased.
        self.external_aliases = {}
        self.table_map = {}  # Maps table names to list of aliases.
        self.used_aliases = set()

        self.where = WhereNode()
        # Maps alias -> Annotation Expression.
        self.annotations = {}
        # These are for extensions. The contents are more or less appended
        # verbatim to the appropriate clause.
        self.extra = {}  # Maps col_alias -> (col_sql, params).

        self._filtered_relations = {}

    @property
    def output_field(self) -> Field | None:
        if len(self.select) == 1:
            select = self.select[0]
            return getattr(select, "target", None) or select.field
        elif len(self.annotation_select) == 1:
            return next(iter(self.annotation_select.values())).output_field

    @cached_property
    def base_table(self) -> str | None:
        for alias in self.alias_map:
            return alias

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        """
        Return the query as a string of SQL with the parameter values
        substituted in (use sql_with_params() to see the unsubstituted string).

        Parameter values won't necessarily be quoted correctly, since that is
        done by the database interface at execution time.
        """
        sql, params = self.sql_with_params()
        return sql % params

    def sql_with_params(self) -> SqlWithParams:
        """
        Return the query as an SQL string and the parameters that will be
        substituted into the query.
        """
        return self.get_compiler().as_sql()

    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict[int, Any]) -> Self:
        """Limit the amount of work when a Query is deepcopied."""
        result = self.clone()
        memo[id(self)] = result
        return result

    def get_compiler(self, *, elide_empty: bool = True) -> SQLCompiler:
        """Return a compiler instance for this query."""
        # Import compilers here to avoid circular imports at module load time
        from plain.postgres.sql.compiler import SQLCompiler as Compiler

        return Compiler(self, get_connection(), elide_empty)

    def clone(self) -> Self:
        """
        Return a copy of the current Query. A lightweight alternative to
        deepcopy().
        """
        obj = Empty()
        obj.__class__ = self.__class__
        obj = cast(Self, obj)  # Type checker doesn't understand __class__ reassignment
        # Copy references to everything.
        obj.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
        # Clone attributes that can't use shallow copy.
        obj.alias_refcount = self.alias_refcount.copy()
        obj.alias_map = self.alias_map.copy()
        obj.external_aliases = self.external_aliases.copy()
        obj.table_map = self.table_map.copy()
        obj.where = self.where.clone()
        obj.annotations = self.annotations.copy()
        if self.annotation_select_mask is not None:
            obj.annotation_select_mask = self.annotation_select_mask.copy()
        # _annotation_select_cache cannot be copied, as doing so breaks the
        # (necessary) state in which both annotations and
        # _annotation_select_cache point to the same underlying objects.
        # It will get re-populated in the cloned queryset the next time it's
        # used.
        obj._annotation_select_cache = None
        obj.extra = self.extra.copy()
        if self.extra_select_mask is not None:
            obj.extra_select_mask = self.extra_select_mask.copy()
        if self._extra_select_cache is not None:
            obj._extra_select_cache = self._extra_select_cache.copy()
        if self.select_related is not False:
            # Use deepcopy because select_related stores fields in nested
            # dicts.
            obj.select_related = copy.deepcopy(obj.select_related)
        if "subq_aliases" in self.__dict__:
            obj.subq_aliases = self.subq_aliases.copy()
        obj.used_aliases = self.used_aliases.copy()
        obj._filtered_relations = self._filtered_relations.copy()
        # Clear the cached_property, if it exists.
        obj.__dict__.pop("base_table", None)
        return obj

    @overload
    def chain(self, klass: None = None) -> Self: ...

    @overload
    def chain(self, klass: type[QueryType]) -> QueryType: ...

    def chain(self, klass: type[Query] | None = None) -> Query:
        """
        Return a copy of the current Query that's ready for another operation.
        The klass argument changes the type of the Query, e.g. UpdateQuery.
        """
        obj = self.clone()
        if klass and obj.__class__ != klass:
            obj.__class__ = klass
        if not obj.filter_is_sticky:
            obj.used_aliases = set()
        obj.filter_is_sticky = False
        if hasattr(obj, "_setup_query"):
            obj._setup_query()  # type: ignore[operator]
        return obj

    def relabeled_clone(self, change_map: dict[str, str]) -> Self:
        clone = self.clone()
        clone.change_aliases(change_map)
        return clone

    def _get_col(self, target: Any, field: Field, alias: str | None) -> Col:
        if not self.alias_cols:
            alias = None
        return target.get_col(alias, field)

    def get_aggregation(self, aggregate_exprs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """
        Return the dictionary with the values of the existing aggregations.
        """
        if not aggregate_exprs:
            return {}
        aggregates = {}
        for alias, aggregate_expr in aggregate_exprs.items():
            self.check_alias(alias)
            aggregate = aggregate_expr.resolve_expression(
                self, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=True
            )
            if not aggregate.contains_aggregate:
                raise TypeError(f"{alias} is not an aggregate expression")
            aggregates[alias] = aggregate
        # Existing usage of aggregation can be determined by the presence of
        # selected aggregates but also by filters against aliased aggregates.
        _, having, qualify = self.where.split_having_qualify()
        has_existing_aggregation = (
            any(
                getattr(annotation, "contains_aggregate", True)
                for annotation in self.annotations.values()
            )
            or having
        )
        # Decide if we need to use a subquery.
        #
        # Existing aggregations would cause incorrect results as
        # get_aggregation() must produce just one result and thus must not use
        # GROUP BY.
        #
        # If the query has limit or distinct, or uses set operations, then
        # those operations must be done in a subquery so that the query
        # aggregates on the limit and/or distinct results instead of applying
        # the distinct and limit after the aggregation.
        if (
            isinstance(self.group_by, tuple)
            or self.is_sliced
            or has_existing_aggregation
            or qualify
            or self.distinct
        ):
            inner_query = self.clone()
            inner_query.subquery = True
            outer_query = AggregateQuery(self.model, inner_query)
            inner_query.select_for_update = False
            inner_query.select_related = False
            inner_query.set_annotation_mask(self.annotation_select)
            # Queries with distinct_fields need ordering and when a limit is
            # applied we must take the slice from the ordered query. Otherwise
            # no need for ordering.
            inner_query.clear_ordering(force=False)
            if not inner_query.distinct:
                # If the inner query uses default select and it has some
                # aggregate annotations, then we must make sure the inner
                # query is grouped by the main model's primary key. However,
                # clearing the select clause can alter results if distinct is
                # used.
                if inner_query.default_cols and has_existing_aggregation:
                    assert self.model is not None, "Aggregation requires a model"
                    inner_query.group_by = (
                        self.model._model_meta.get_forward_field("id").get_col(
                            inner_query.get_initial_alias()
                        ),
                    )
                inner_query.default_cols = False
                if not qualify:
                    # Mask existing annotations that are not referenced by
                    # aggregates to be pushed to the outer query unless
                    # filtering against window functions is involved as it
                    # requires complex realising.
                    annotation_mask = set()
                    for aggregate in aggregates.values():
                        annotation_mask |= aggregate.get_refs()
                    inner_query.set_annotation_mask(annotation_mask)

            # Add aggregates to the outer AggregateQuery. This requires making
            # sure all columns referenced by the aggregates are selected in the
            # inner query. It is achieved by retrieving all column references
            # by the aggregates, explicitly selecting them in the inner query,
            # and making sure the aggregates are repointed to them.
            col_refs = {}
            for alias, aggregate in aggregates.items():
                replacements = {}
                for col in self._gen_cols([aggregate], resolve_refs=False):
                    if not (col_ref := col_refs.get(col)):
                        index = len(col_refs) + 1
                        col_alias = f"__col{index}"
                        col_ref = Ref(col_alias, col)
                        col_refs[col] = col_ref
                        inner_query.annotations[col_alias] = col
                        inner_query.append_annotation_mask([col_alias])
                    replacements[col] = col_ref
                outer_query.annotations[alias] = aggregate.replace_expressions(
                    replacements
                )
            if (
                inner_query.select == ()
                and not inner_query.default_cols
                and not inner_query.annotation_select_mask
            ):
                # In case of Model.objects[0:3].count(), there would be no
                # field selected in the inner query, yet we must use a subquery.
                # So, make sure at least one field is selected.
                assert self.model is not None, "Count with slicing requires a model"
                inner_query.select = (
                    self.model._model_meta.get_forward_field("id").get_col(
                        inner_query.get_initial_alias()
                    ),
                )
        else:
            outer_query = self
            self.select = ()
            self.default_cols = False
            self.extra = {}
            if self.annotations:
                # Inline reference to existing annotations and mask them as
                # they are unnecessary given only the summarized aggregations
                # are requested.
                replacements = {
                    Ref(alias, annotation): annotation
                    for alias, annotation in self.annotations.items()
                }
                self.annotations = {
                    alias: aggregate.replace_expressions(replacements)
                    for alias, aggregate in aggregates.items()
                }
            else:
                self.annotations = aggregates
            self.set_annotation_mask(aggregates)

        empty_set_result = [
            expression.empty_result_set_value
            for expression in outer_query.annotation_select.values()
        ]
        elide_empty = not any(result is NotImplemented for result in empty_set_result)
        outer_query.clear_ordering(force=True)
        outer_query.clear_limits()
        outer_query.select_for_update = False
        outer_query.select_related = False
        compiler = outer_query.get_compiler(elide_empty=elide_empty)
        result = compiler.execute_sql(SINGLE)
        if result is None:
            result = empty_set_result
        else:
            from plain.postgres.sql.compiler import apply_converters, get_converters

            converters = get_converters(
                outer_query.annotation_select.values(), compiler.connection
            )
            result = next(apply_converters((result,), converters, compiler.connection))

        return dict(zip(outer_query.annotation_select, result))

    def get_count(self) -> int:
        """
        Perform a COUNT() query using the current filter constraints.
        """
        obj = self.clone()
        return obj.get_aggregation({"__count": Count("*")})["__count"]

    def has_filters(self) -> bool:
        return bool(self.where)

    def exists(self, limit: bool = True) -> Self:
        q = self.clone()
        if not (q.distinct and q.is_sliced):
            if q.group_by is True:
                assert self.model is not None, "GROUP BY requires a model"
                q.add_fields(
                    (f.attname for f in self.model._model_meta.concrete_fields), False
                )
                # Disable GROUP BY aliases to avoid orphaning references to the
                # SELECT clause which is about to be cleared.
                q.set_group_by(allow_aliases=False)
            q.clear_select_clause()
        q.clear_ordering(force=True)
        if limit:
            q.set_limits(high=1)
        q.add_annotation(Value(1), "a")
        return q

    def has_results(self) -> bool:
        q = self.exists()
        compiler = q.get_compiler()
        return compiler.has_results()

    def explain(self, format: str | None = None, **options: Any) -> str:
        q = self.clone()
        for option_name in options:
            if (
                not EXPLAIN_OPTIONS_PATTERN.fullmatch(option_name)
                or "--" in option_name
            ):
                raise ValueError(f"Invalid option name: {option_name!r}.")
        q.explain_info = ExplainInfo(format, options)
        compiler = q.get_compiler()
        return "\n".join(compiler.explain_query())

    def combine(self, rhs: Query, connector: str) -> None:
        """
        Merge the 'rhs' query into the current one (with any 'rhs' effects
        being applied *after* (that is, "to the right of") anything in the
        current query. 'rhs' is not modified during a call to this function.

        The 'connector' parameter describes how to connect filters from the
        'rhs' query.
        """
        if self.model != rhs.model:
            raise TypeError("Cannot combine queries on two different base models.")
        if self.is_sliced:
            raise TypeError("Cannot combine queries once a slice has been taken.")
        if self.distinct != rhs.distinct:
            raise TypeError("Cannot combine a unique query with a non-unique query.")
        if self.distinct_fields != rhs.distinct_fields:
            raise TypeError("Cannot combine queries with different distinct fields.")

        # If lhs and rhs shares the same alias prefix, it is possible to have
        # conflicting alias changes like T4 -> T5, T5 -> T6, which might end up
        # as T4 -> T6 while combining two querysets. To prevent this, change an
        # alias prefix of the rhs and update current aliases accordingly,
        # except if the alias is the base table since it must be present in the
        # query on both sides.
        initial_alias = self.get_initial_alias()
        assert initial_alias is not None
        rhs.bump_prefix(self, exclude={initial_alias})

        # Work out how to relabel the rhs aliases, if necessary.
        change_map = {}
        conjunction = connector == AND

        # Determine which existing joins can be reused. When combining the
        # query with AND we must recreate all joins for m2m filters. When
        # combining with OR we can reuse joins. The reason is that in AND
        # case a single row can't fulfill a condition like:
        #     revrel__col=1 & revrel__col=2
        # But, there might be two different related rows matching this
        # condition. In OR case a single True is enough, so single row is
        # enough, too.
        #
        # Note that we will be creating duplicate joins for non-m2m joins in
        # the AND case. The results will be correct but this creates too many
        # joins. This is something that could be fixed later on.
        reuse = set() if conjunction else set(self.alias_map)
        joinpromoter = JoinPromoter(connector, 2, False)
        joinpromoter.add_votes(
            j for j in self.alias_map if self.alias_map[j].join_type == INNER
        )
        rhs_votes = set()
        # Now, add the joins from rhs query into the new query (skipping base
        # table).
        rhs_tables = list(rhs.alias_map)[1:]
        for alias in rhs_tables:
            join = rhs.alias_map[alias]
            # If the left side of the join was already relabeled, use the
            # updated alias.
            join = join.relabeled_clone(change_map)
            new_alias = self.join(join, reuse=reuse)
            if join.join_type == INNER:
                rhs_votes.add(new_alias)
            # We can't reuse the same join again in the query. If we have two
            # distinct joins for the same connection in rhs query, then the
            # combined query must have two joins, too.
            reuse.discard(new_alias)
            if alias != new_alias:
                change_map[alias] = new_alias
            if not rhs.alias_refcount[alias]:
                # The alias was unused in the rhs query. Unref it so that it
                # will be unused in the new query, too. We have to add and
                # unref the alias so that join promotion has information of
                # the join type for the unused alias.
                self.unref_alias(new_alias)
        joinpromoter.add_votes(rhs_votes)
        joinpromoter.update_join_types(self)

        # Combine subqueries aliases to ensure aliases relabelling properly
        # handle subqueries when combining where and select clauses.
        self.subq_aliases |= rhs.subq_aliases

        # Now relabel a copy of the rhs where-clause and add it to the current
        # one.
        w = rhs.where.clone()
        w.relabel_aliases(change_map)
        self.where.add(w, connector)

        # Selection columns and extra extensions are those provided by 'rhs'.
        if rhs.select:
            self.set_select([col.relabeled_clone(change_map) for col in rhs.select])
        else:
            self.select = ()

        if connector == OR:
            # It would be nice to be able to handle this, but the queries don't
            # really make sense (or return consistent value sets). Not worth
            # the extra complexity when you can write a real query instead.
            if self.extra and rhs.extra:
                raise ValueError(
                    "When merging querysets using 'or', you cannot have "
                    "extra(select=...) on both sides."
                )
        self.extra.update(rhs.extra)
        extra_select_mask = set()
        if self.extra_select_mask is not None:
            extra_select_mask.update(self.extra_select_mask)
        if rhs.extra_select_mask is not None:
            extra_select_mask.update(rhs.extra_select_mask)
        if extra_select_mask:
            self.set_extra_mask(extra_select_mask)
        self.extra_tables += rhs.extra_tables

        # Ordering uses the 'rhs' ordering, unless it has none, in which case
        # the current ordering is used.
        self.order_by = rhs.order_by or self.order_by
        self.extra_order_by = rhs.extra_order_by or self.extra_order_by

    def _get_defer_select_mask(
        self,
        meta: Meta,
        mask: dict[str, Any],
        select_mask: dict[Any, Any] | None = None,
    ) -> dict[Any, Any]:
        from plain.postgres.fields.related import RelatedField

        if select_mask is None:
            select_mask = {}
        select_mask[meta.get_forward_field("id")] = {}
        # All concrete fields that are not part of the defer mask must be
        # loaded. If a relational field is encountered it gets added to the
        # mask for it be considered if `select_related` and the cycle continues
        # by recursively calling this function.
        for field in meta.concrete_fields:
            field_mask = mask.pop(field.name, None)
            if field_mask is None:
                select_mask.setdefault(field, {})
            elif field_mask:
                if not isinstance(field, RelatedField):
                    raise FieldError(next(iter(field_mask)))
                field_select_mask = select_mask.setdefault(field, {})
                related_model = field.remote_field.model
                self._get_defer_select_mask(
                    related_model._model_meta, field_mask, field_select_mask
                )
        # Remaining defer entries must be references to reverse relationships.
        # The following code is expected to raise FieldError if it encounters
        # a malformed defer entry.
        for field_name, field_mask in mask.items():
            if filtered_relation := self._filtered_relations.get(field_name):
                relation = meta.get_reverse_relation(filtered_relation.relation_name)
                field_select_mask = select_mask.setdefault((field_name, relation), {})
                field = relation.field
            else:
                field = meta.get_reverse_relation(field_name).field
                field_select_mask = select_mask.setdefault(field, {})
            related_model = field.model
            self._get_defer_select_mask(
                related_model._model_meta, field_mask, field_select_mask
            )
        return select_mask

    def _get_only_select_mask(
        self,
        meta: Meta,
        mask: dict[str, Any],
        select_mask: dict[Any, Any] | None = None,
    ) -> dict[Any, Any]:
        from plain.postgres.fields.related import RelatedField

        if select_mask is None:
            select_mask = {}
        select_mask[meta.get_forward_field("id")] = {}
        # Only include fields mentioned in the mask.
        for field_name, field_mask in mask.items():
            field = meta.get_field(field_name)
            field_select_mask = select_mask.setdefault(field, {})
            if field_mask:
                if not isinstance(field, RelatedField):
                    raise FieldError(next(iter(field_mask)))
                related_model = field.remote_field.model
                self._get_only_select_mask(
                    related_model._model_meta, field_mask, field_select_mask
                )
        return select_mask

    def get_select_mask(self) -> dict[Any, Any]:
        """
        Convert the self.deferred_loading data structure to an alternate data
        structure, describing the field that *will* be loaded. This is used to
        compute the columns to select from the database and also by the
        QuerySet class to work out which fields are being initialized on each
        model. Models that have all their fields included aren't mentioned in
        the result, only those that have field restrictions in place.
        """
        field_names, defer = self.deferred_loading
        if not field_names:
            return {}
        mask = {}
        for field_name in field_names:
            part_mask = mask
            for part in field_name.split(LOOKUP_SEP):
                part_mask = part_mask.setdefault(part, {})
        assert self.model is not None, "Deferred/only field loading requires a model"
        meta = self.model._model_meta
        if defer:
            return self._get_defer_select_mask(meta, mask)
        return self._get_only_select_mask(meta, mask)

    def table_alias(
        self, table_name: str, create: bool = False, filtered_relation: Any = None
    ) -> tuple[str, bool]:
        """
        Return a table alias for the given table_name and whether this is a
        new alias or not.

        If 'create' is true, a new alias is always created. Otherwise, the
        most recently created alias for the table (if one exists) is reused.
        """
        alias_list = self.table_map.get(table_name)
        if not create and alias_list:
            alias = alias_list[0]
            self.alias_refcount[alias] += 1
            return alias, False

        # Create a new alias for this table.
        if alias_list:
            alias = "%s%d" % (self.alias_prefix, len(self.alias_map) + 1)  # noqa: UP031
            alias_list.append(alias)
        else:
            # The first occurrence of a table uses the table name directly.
            alias = (
                filtered_relation.alias if filtered_relation is not None else table_name
            )
            self.table_map[table_name] = [alias]
        self.alias_refcount[alias] = 1
        return alias, True

    def ref_alias(self, alias: str) -> None:
        """Increases the reference count for this alias."""
        self.alias_refcount[alias] += 1

    def unref_alias(self, alias: str, amount: int = 1) -> None:
        """Decreases the reference count for this alias."""
        self.alias_refcount[alias] -= amount

    def promote_joins(self, aliases: set[str] | list[str]) -> None:
        """
        Promote recursively the join type of given aliases and its children to
        an outer join. If 'unconditional' is False, only promote the join if
        it is nullable or the parent join is an outer join.

        The children promotion is done to avoid join chains that contain a LOUTER
        b INNER c. So, if we have currently a INNER b INNER c and a->b is promoted,
        then we must also promote b->c automatically, or otherwise the promotion
        of a->b doesn't actually change anything in the query results.
        """
        aliases = list(aliases)
        while aliases:
            alias = aliases.pop(0)
            if self.alias_map[alias].join_type is None:
                # This is the base table (first FROM entry) - this table
                # isn't really joined at all in the query, so we should not
                # alter its join type.
                continue
            # Only the first alias (skipped above) should have None join_type
            assert self.alias_map[alias].join_type is not None
            parent_alias = self.alias_map[alias].parent_alias
            parent_louter = (
                parent_alias and self.alias_map[parent_alias].join_type == LOUTER
            )
            already_louter = self.alias_map[alias].join_type == LOUTER
            if (self.alias_map[alias].nullable or parent_louter) and not already_louter:
                self.alias_map[alias] = self.alias_map[alias].promote()
                # Join type of 'alias' changed, so re-examine all aliases that
                # refer to this one.
                aliases.extend(
                    join
                    for join in self.alias_map
                    if self.alias_map[join].parent_alias == alias
                    and join not in aliases
                )

    def demote_joins(self, aliases: set[str] | list[str]) -> None:
        """
        Change join type from LOUTER to INNER for all joins in aliases.

        Similarly to promote_joins(), this method must ensure no join chains
        containing first an outer, then an inner join are generated. If we
        are demoting b->c join in chain a LOUTER b LOUTER c then we must
        demote a->b automatically, or otherwise the demotion of b->c doesn't
        actually change anything in the query results. .
        """
        aliases = list(aliases)
        while aliases:
            alias = aliases.pop(0)
            if self.alias_map[alias].join_type == LOUTER:
                self.alias_map[alias] = self.alias_map[alias].demote()
                parent_alias = self.alias_map[alias].parent_alias
                if self.alias_map[parent_alias].join_type == INNER:
                    aliases.append(parent_alias)

    def reset_refcounts(self, to_counts: dict[str, int]) -> None:
        """
        Reset reference counts for aliases so that they match the value passed
        in `to_counts`.
        """
        for alias, cur_refcount in self.alias_refcount.copy().items():
            unref_amount = cur_refcount - to_counts.get(alias, 0)
            self.unref_alias(alias, unref_amount)

    def change_aliases(self, change_map: dict[str, str]) -> None:
        """
        Change the aliases in change_map (which maps old-alias -> new-alias),
        relabelling any references to them in select columns and the where
        clause.
        """
        # If keys and values of change_map were to intersect, an alias might be
        # updated twice (e.g. T4 -> T5, T5 -> T6, so also T4 -> T6) depending
        # on their order in change_map.
        assert set(change_map).isdisjoint(change_map.values())

        # 1. Update references in "select" (normal columns plus aliases),
        # "group by" and "where".
        self.where.relabel_aliases(change_map)
        if isinstance(self.group_by, tuple):
            self.group_by = tuple(
                [col.relabeled_clone(change_map) for col in self.group_by]
            )
        self.select = tuple([col.relabeled_clone(change_map) for col in self.select])
        self.annotations = self.annotations and {
            key: col.relabeled_clone(change_map)
            for key, col in self.annotations.items()
        }

        # 2. Rename the alias in the internal table/alias datastructures.
        for old_alias, new_alias in change_map.items():
            if old_alias not in self.alias_map:
                continue
            alias_data = self.alias_map[old_alias].relabeled_clone(change_map)
            self.alias_map[new_alias] = alias_data
            self.alias_refcount[new_alias] = self.alias_refcount[old_alias]
            del self.alias_refcount[old_alias]
            del self.alias_map[old_alias]

            table_aliases = self.table_map[alias_data.table_name]
            for pos, alias in enumerate(table_aliases):
                if alias == old_alias:
                    table_aliases[pos] = new_alias
                    break
        self.external_aliases = {
            # Table is aliased or it's being changed and thus is aliased.
            change_map.get(alias, alias): (aliased or alias in change_map)
            for alias, aliased in self.external_aliases.items()
        }

    def bump_prefix(
        self, other_query: Query, exclude: set[str] | dict[str, str] | None = None
    ) -> None:
        """
        Change the alias prefix to the next letter in the alphabet in a way
        that the other query's aliases and this query's aliases will not
        conflict. Even tables that previously had no alias will get an alias
        after this call. To prevent changing aliases use the exclude parameter.
        """

        def prefix_gen() -> TypingIterator[str]:
            """
            Generate a sequence of characters in alphabetical order:
                -> 'A', 'B', 'C', ...

            When the alphabet is finished, the sequence will continue with the
            Cartesian product:
                -> 'AA', 'AB', 'AC', ...
            """
            alphabet = ascii_uppercase
            prefix = chr(ord(self.alias_prefix) + 1)
            yield prefix
            for n in count(1):
                seq = alphabet[alphabet.index(prefix) :] if prefix else alphabet
                for s in product(seq, repeat=n):
                    yield "".join(s)
                prefix = None

        if self.alias_prefix != other_query.alias_prefix:
            # No clashes between self and outer query should be possible.
            return

        # Explicitly avoid infinite loop. The constant divider is based on how
        # much depth recursive subquery references add to the stack. This value
        # might need to be adjusted when adding or removing function calls from
        # the code path in charge of performing these operations.
        local_recursion_limit = sys.getrecursionlimit() // 16
        for pos, prefix in enumerate(prefix_gen()):
            if prefix not in self.subq_aliases:
                self.alias_prefix = prefix
                break
            if pos > local_recursion_limit:
                raise RecursionError(
                    "Maximum recursion depth exceeded: too many subqueries."
                )
        self.subq_aliases = self.subq_aliases.union([self.alias_prefix])
        other_query.subq_aliases = other_query.subq_aliases.union(self.subq_aliases)
        if exclude is None:
            exclude = {}
        self.change_aliases(
            {
                alias: "%s%d" % (self.alias_prefix, pos)  # noqa: UP031
                for pos, alias in enumerate(self.alias_map)
                if alias not in exclude
            }
        )

    def get_initial_alias(self) -> str | None:
        """
        Return the first alias for this query, after increasing its reference
        count.
        """
        if self.alias_map:
            alias = self.base_table
            self.ref_alias(alias)  # type: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
        elif self.model:
            alias = self.join(
                self.base_table_class(self.model.model_options.db_table, None)  # type: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
            )
        else:
            alias = None
        return alias

    def count_active_tables(self) -> int:
        """
        Return the number of tables in this query with a non-zero reference
        count. After execution, the reference counts are zeroed, so tables
        added in compiler will not be seen by this method.
        """
        return len([1 for count in self.alias_refcount.values() if count])

    def join(
        self,
        join: BaseTable | Join,
        reuse: set[str] | None = None,
        reuse_with_filtered_relation: bool = False,
    ) -> str:
        """
        Return an alias for the 'join', either reusing an existing alias for
        that join or creating a new one. 'join' is either a base_table_class or
        join_class.

        The 'reuse' parameter can be either None which means all joins are
        reusable, or it can be a set containing the aliases that can be reused.

        The 'reuse_with_filtered_relation' parameter is used when computing
        FilteredRelation instances.

        A join is always created as LOUTER if the lhs alias is LOUTER to make
        sure chains like t1 LOUTER t2 INNER t3 aren't generated. All new
        joins are created as LOUTER if the join is nullable.
        """
        if reuse_with_filtered_relation and reuse:
            reuse_aliases = [
                a for a, j in self.alias_map.items() if a in reuse and j.equals(join)
            ]
        else:
            reuse_aliases = [
                a
                for a, j in self.alias_map.items()
                if (reuse is None or a in reuse) and j == join
            ]
        if reuse_aliases:
            if join.table_alias in reuse_aliases:
                reuse_alias = join.table_alias
            else:
                # Reuse the most recent alias of the joined table
                # (a many-to-many relation may be joined multiple times).
                reuse_alias = reuse_aliases[-1]
            self.ref_alias(reuse_alias)
            return reuse_alias

        # No reuse is possible, so we need a new alias.
        alias, _ = self.table_alias(
            join.table_name, create=True, filtered_relation=join.filtered_relation
        )
        if isinstance(join, Join):
            if self.alias_map[join.parent_alias].join_type == LOUTER or join.nullable:
                join_type = LOUTER
            else:
                join_type = INNER
            join.join_type = join_type
        join.table_alias = alias
        self.alias_map[alias] = join
        return alias

    def check_alias(self, alias: str) -> None:
        if FORBIDDEN_ALIAS_PATTERN.search(alias):
            raise ValueError(
                "Column aliases cannot contain whitespace characters, quotation marks, "
                "semicolons, or SQL comments."
            )

    def add_annotation(
        self, annotation: BaseExpression, alias: str, select: bool = True
    ) -> None:
        """Add a single annotation expression to the Query."""
        self.check_alias(alias)
        annotation = annotation.resolve_expression(self, allow_joins=True, reuse=None)
        if select:
            self.append_annotation_mask([alias])
        else:
            self.set_annotation_mask(set(self.annotation_select).difference({alias}))
        self.annotations[alias] = annotation

    def resolve_expression(
        self,
        query: Any = None,
        allow_joins: bool = True,
        reuse: Any = None,
        summarize: bool = False,
        for_save: bool = False,
    ) -> Self:
        clone = self.clone()
        # Subqueries need to use a different set of aliases than the outer query.
        clone.bump_prefix(query)
        clone.subquery = True
        clone.where.resolve_expression(query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save)
        for key, value in clone.annotations.items():
            resolved = value.resolve_expression(
                query, allow_joins, reuse, summarize, for_save
            )
            if hasattr(resolved, "external_aliases"):
                resolved.external_aliases.update(clone.external_aliases)
            clone.annotations[key] = resolved
        # Outer query's aliases are considered external.
        for alias, table in query.alias_map.items():
            clone.external_aliases[alias] = (
                isinstance(table, Join)
                and table.join_field.related_model.model_options.db_table != alias
            ) or (
                isinstance(table, BaseTable) and table.table_name != table.table_alias
            )
        return clone

    def get_external_cols(self) -> list[Col]:
        exprs = chain(self.annotations.values(), self.where.children)
        return [
            col
            for col in self._gen_cols(exprs, include_external=True)
            if col.alias in self.external_aliases
        ]

    def get_group_by_cols(
        self, wrapper: BaseExpression | None = None
    ) -> list[BaseExpression]:
        # If wrapper is referenced by an alias for an explicit GROUP BY through
        # values() a reference to this expression and not the self must be
        # returned to ensure external column references are not grouped against
        # as well.
        external_cols = self.get_external_cols()
        if any(col.possibly_multivalued for col in external_cols):
            return [wrapper or self]
        # Cast needed because list is invariant: list[Col] is not list[BaseExpression]
        return cast(list[BaseExpression], external_cols)

    def as_sql(
        self, compiler: SQLCompiler, connection: DatabaseConnection
    ) -> SqlWithParams:
        sql, params = self.get_compiler().as_sql()
        if self.subquery:
            sql = f"({sql})"
        return sql, params

    def resolve_lookup_value(
        self, value: Any, can_reuse: set[str] | None, allow_joins: bool
    ) -> Any:
        if isinstance(value, ResolvableExpression):
            value = value.resolve_expression(
                self,
                reuse=can_reuse,
                allow_joins=allow_joins,
            )
        elif isinstance(value, list | tuple):
            # The items of the iterable may be expressions and therefore need
            # to be resolved independently.
            values = (
                self.resolve_lookup_value(sub_value, can_reuse, allow_joins)
                for sub_value in value
            )
            type_ = type(value)
            if hasattr(type_, "_make"):  # namedtuple
                return type_(*values)
            return type_(values)
        return value

    def solve_lookup_type(
        self, lookup: str, summarize: bool = False
    ) -> tuple[
        list[str] | tuple[str, ...], tuple[str, ...], BaseExpression | Literal[False]
    ]:
        """
        Solve the lookup type from the lookup (e.g.: 'foobar__id__icontains').
        """
        lookup_splitted = lookup.split(LOOKUP_SEP)
        if self.annotations:
            annotation, expression_lookups = refs_expression(
                lookup_splitted, self.annotations
            )
            if annotation:
                expression = self.annotations[annotation]
                if summarize:
                    expression = Ref(annotation, expression)
                return expression_lookups, (), expression
        assert self.model is not None, "Field lookups require a model"
        meta = self.model._model_meta
        _, field, _, lookup_parts = self.names_to_path(lookup_splitted, meta)
        field_parts = lookup_splitted[0 : len(lookup_splitted) - len(lookup_parts)]
        if len(lookup_parts) > 1 and not field_parts:
            raise FieldError(
                f'Invalid lookup "{lookup}" for model {meta.model.__name__}".'
            )
        return lookup_parts, tuple(field_parts), False

    def check_query_object_type(
        self, value: Any, meta: Meta, field: Field | ForeignObjectRel
    ) -> None:
        """
        Check whether the object passed while querying is of the correct type.
        If not, raise a ValueError specifying the wrong object.
        """
        from plain.postgres import Model

        if isinstance(value, Model):
            if not check_rel_lookup_compatibility(value._model_meta.model, meta, field):
                raise ValueError(
                    f'Cannot query "{value}": Must be "{meta.model.model_options.object_name}" instance.'
                )

    def check_related_objects(
        self, field: RelatedField | ForeignObjectRel, value: Any, meta: Meta
    ) -> None:
        """Check the type of object passed to query relations."""
        from plain.postgres import Model

        # Check that the field and the queryset use the same model in a
        # query like .filter(author=Author.query.all()). For example, the
        # meta would be Author's (from the author field) and value.model
        # would be Author.query.all() queryset's .model (Author also).
        # The field is the related field on the lhs side.
        if (
            isinstance(value, Query)
            and not value.has_select_fields
            and not check_rel_lookup_compatibility(value.model, meta, field)
        ):
            raise ValueError(
                f'Cannot use QuerySet for "{value.model.model_options.object_name}": Use a QuerySet for "{meta.model.model_options.object_name}".'
            )
        elif isinstance(value, Model):
            self.check_query_object_type(value, meta, field)
        elif isinstance(value, Iterable):
            for v in value:
                self.check_query_object_type(v, meta, field)

    def check_filterable(self, expression: Any) -> None:
        """Raise an error if expression cannot be used in a WHERE clause."""
        if isinstance(expression, ResolvableExpression) and not getattr(
            expression, "filterable", True
        ):
            raise NotSupportedError(
                expression.__class__.__name__ + " is disallowed in the filter clause."
            )
        if hasattr(expression, "get_source_expressions"):
            for expr in expression.get_source_expressions():
                self.check_filterable(expr)

    def build_lookup(
        self, lookups: list[str], lhs: BaseExpression | MultiColSource, rhs: Any
    ) -> Lookup | None:
        """
        Try to extract transforms and lookup from given lhs.

        The lhs value is something that works like SQLExpression.
        The rhs value is what the lookup is going to compare against.
        The lookups is a list of names to extract using get_lookup()
        and get_transform().
        """
        # __exact is the default lookup if one isn't given.
        *transforms, lookup_name = lookups or ["exact"]
        if transforms:
            if isinstance(lhs, MultiColSource):
                raise FieldError(
                    "Transforms are not supported on multi-column relations."
                )
            # At this point, lhs must be BaseExpression
            for name in transforms:
                lhs = self.try_transform(lhs, name)
        # First try get_lookup() so that the lookup takes precedence if the lhs
        # supports both transform and lookup for the name.
        lookup_class = lhs.get_lookup(lookup_name)
        if not lookup_class:
            # A lookup wasn't found. Try to interpret the name as a transform
            # and do an Exact lookup against it.
            if isinstance(lhs, MultiColSource):
                raise FieldError(
                    "Transforms are not supported on multi-column relations."
                )
            lhs = self.try_transform(lhs, lookup_name)
            lookup_name = "exact"
            lookup_class = lhs.get_lookup(lookup_name)
            if not lookup_class:
                return

        lookup = lookup_class(lhs, rhs)
        # Interpret '__exact=None' as the sql 'is NULL'; otherwise, reject all
        # uses of None as a query value unless the lookup supports it.
        if lookup.rhs is None and not lookup.can_use_none_as_rhs:
            if lookup_name not in ("exact", "iexact"):
                raise ValueError("Cannot use None as a query value")
            isnull_lookup = lhs.get_lookup("isnull")
            assert isnull_lookup is not None
            return isnull_lookup(lhs, True)

        return lookup

    def try_transform(self, lhs: BaseExpression, name: str) -> BaseExpression:
        """
        Helper method for build_lookup(). Try to fetch and initialize
        a transform for name parameter from lhs.
        """
        transform_class = lhs.get_transform(name)
        if transform_class:
            return transform_class(lhs)
        else:
            output_field = lhs.output_field.__class__
            suggested_lookups = difflib.get_close_matches(
                name, output_field.get_lookups()
            )
            if suggested_lookups:
                suggestion = ", perhaps you meant {}?".format(
                    " or ".join(suggested_lookups)
                )
            else:
                suggestion = "."
            raise FieldError(
                f"Unsupported lookup '{name}' for {output_field.__name__} or join on the field not "
                f"permitted{suggestion}"
            )

    def build_filter(
        self,
        filter_expr: tuple[str, Any] | Q | BaseExpression,
        branch_negated: bool = False,
        current_negated: bool = False,
        can_reuse: set[str] | None = None,
        allow_joins: bool = True,
        split_subq: bool = True,
        reuse_with_filtered_relation: bool = False,
        check_filterable: bool = True,
        summarize: bool = False,
    ) -> tuple[WhereNode, set[str] | tuple[()]]:
        from plain.postgres.fields.related import RelatedField

        """
        Build a WhereNode for a single filter clause but don't add it
        to this Query. Query.add_q() will then add this filter to the where
        Node.

        The 'branch_negated' tells us if the current branch contains any
        negations. This will be used to determine if subqueries are needed.

        The 'current_negated' is used to determine if the current filter is
        negated or not and this will be used to determine if IS NULL filtering
        is needed.

        The difference between current_negated and branch_negated is that
        branch_negated is set on first negation, but current_negated is
        flipped for each negation.

        Note that add_filter will not do any negating itself, that is done
        upper in the code by add_q().

        The 'can_reuse' is a set of reusable joins for multijoins.

        If 'reuse_with_filtered_relation' is True, then only joins in can_reuse
        will be reused.

        The method will create a filter clause that can be added to the current
        query. However, if the filter isn't added to the query then the caller
        is responsible for unreffing the joins used.
        """
        if isinstance(filter_expr, dict):
            raise FieldError("Cannot parse keyword query as dict")
        if isinstance(filter_expr, Q):
            return self._add_q(
                filter_expr,
                branch_negated=branch_negated,
                current_negated=current_negated,
                used_aliases=can_reuse,
                allow_joins=allow_joins,
                split_subq=split_subq,
                check_filterable=check_filterable,
                summarize=summarize,
            )
        if isinstance(filter_expr, ResolvableExpression):
            if not getattr(filter_expr, "conditional", False):
                raise TypeError("Cannot filter against a non-conditional expression.")
            condition = filter_expr.resolve_expression(
                self, allow_joins=allow_joins, summarize=summarize
            )
            if not isinstance(condition, Lookup):
                condition = self.build_lookup(["exact"], condition, True)
            return WhereNode([condition], connector=AND), set()
        if isinstance(filter_expr, BaseExpression):
            raise TypeError(f"Unexpected BaseExpression type: {type(filter_expr)}")
        arg, value = filter_expr
        if not arg:
            raise FieldError(f"Cannot parse keyword query {arg!r}")
        lookups, parts, reffed_expression = self.solve_lookup_type(arg, summarize)

        if check_filterable:
            self.check_filterable(reffed_expression)

        if not allow_joins and len(parts) > 1:
            raise FieldError("Joined field references are not permitted in this query")

        pre_joins = self.alias_refcount.copy()
        value = self.resolve_lookup_value(value, can_reuse, allow_joins)
        used_joins = {
            k for k, v in self.alias_refcount.items() if v > pre_joins.get(k, 0)
        }

        if check_filterable:
            self.check_filterable(value)

        if reffed_expression:
            condition = self.build_lookup(list(lookups), reffed_expression, value)
            return WhereNode([condition], connector=AND), set()

        assert self.model is not None, "Building filters requires a model"
        meta = self.model._model_meta
        alias = self.get_initial_alias()
        assert alias is not None
        allow_many = not branch_negated or not split_subq

        try:
            join_info = self.setup_joins(
                list(parts),
                meta,
                alias,
                can_reuse=can_reuse,
                allow_many=allow_many,
                reuse_with_filtered_relation=reuse_with_filtered_relation,
            )

            # Prevent iterator from being consumed by check_related_objects()
            if isinstance(value, Iterator):
                value = list(value)
            from plain.postgres.fields.related import RelatedField
            from plain.postgres.fields.reverse_related import ForeignObjectRel

            if isinstance(join_info.final_field, RelatedField | ForeignObjectRel):
                self.check_related_objects(join_info.final_field, value, join_info.meta)

            # split_exclude() needs to know which joins were generated for the
            # lookup parts
            self._lookup_joins = join_info.joins
        except MultiJoin as e:
            return self.split_exclude(
                filter_expr,
                can_reuse or set(),
                e.names_with_path,
            )

        # Update used_joins before trimming since they are reused to determine
        # which joins could be later promoted to INNER.
        used_joins.update(join_info.joins)
        targets, alias, join_list = self.trim_joins(
            join_info.targets, join_info.joins, join_info.path
        )
        if can_reuse is not None:
            can_reuse.update(join_list)

        if isinstance(join_info.final_field, RelatedField | ForeignObjectRel):
            if len(targets) == 1:
                col = self._get_col(targets[0], join_info.final_field, alias)
            else:
                col = MultiColSource(
                    alias, targets, join_info.targets, join_info.final_field
                )
        else:
            col = self._get_col(targets[0], join_info.final_field, alias)

        condition = self.build_lookup(list(lookups), col, value)
        assert condition is not None
        lookup_type = condition.lookup_name
        clause = WhereNode([condition], connector=AND)

        require_outer = (
            lookup_type == "isnull" and condition.rhs is True and not current_negated
        )
        if (
            current_negated
            and (lookup_type != "isnull" or condition.rhs is False)
            and condition.rhs is not None
        ):
            require_outer = True
            if lookup_type != "isnull":
                # The condition added here will be SQL like this:
                # NOT (col IS NOT NULL), where the first NOT is added in
                # upper layers of code. The reason for addition is that if col
                # is null, then col != someval will result in SQL "unknown"
                # which isn't the same as in Python. The Python None handling
                # is wanted, and it can be gotten by
                # (col IS NULL OR col != someval)
                #   <=>
                # NOT (col IS NOT NULL AND col = someval).
                if (
                    self.is_nullable(targets[0])
                    or self.alias_map[join_list[-1]].join_type == LOUTER
                ):
                    lookup_class = targets[0].get_lookup("isnull")
                    assert lookup_class is not None
                    col = self._get_col(targets[0], join_info.targets[0], alias)
                    clause.add(lookup_class(col, False), AND)
                # If someval is a nullable column, someval IS NOT NULL is
                # added.
                if isinstance(value, Col) and self.is_nullable(value.target):
                    lookup_class = value.target.get_lookup("isnull")
                    assert lookup_class is not None
                    clause.add(lookup_class(value, False), AND)
        return clause, used_joins if not require_outer else ()

    def add_filter(self, filter_lhs: str, filter_rhs: Any) -> None:
        self.add_q(Q((filter_lhs, filter_rhs)))

    def add_q(self, q_object: Q) -> None:
        """
        A preprocessor for the internal _add_q(). Responsible for doing final
        join promotion.
        """
        # For join promotion this case is doing an AND for the added q_object
        # and existing conditions. So, any existing inner join forces the join
        # type to remain inner. Existing outer joins can however be demoted.
        # (Consider case where rel_a is LOUTER and rel_a__col=1 is added - if
        # rel_a doesn't produce any rows, then the whole condition must fail.
        # So, demotion is OK.
        existing_inner = {
            a for a in self.alias_map if self.alias_map[a].join_type == INNER
        }
        clause, _ = self._add_q(q_object, self.used_aliases)
        if clause:
            self.where.add(clause, AND)
        self.demote_joins(existing_inner)

    def build_where(
        self, filter_expr: tuple[str, Any] | Q | BaseExpression
    ) -> WhereNode:
        return self.build_filter(filter_expr, allow_joins=False)[0]

    def clear_where(self) -> None:
        self.where = WhereNode()

    def _add_q(
        self,
        q_object: Q,
        used_aliases: set[str] | None,
        branch_negated: bool = False,
        current_negated: bool = False,
        allow_joins: bool = True,
        split_subq: bool = True,
        check_filterable: bool = True,
        summarize: bool = False,
    ) -> tuple[WhereNode, set[str] | tuple[()]]:
        """Add a Q-object to the current filter."""
        connector = q_object.connector
        current_negated ^= q_object.negated
        branch_negated = branch_negated or q_object.negated
        target_clause = WhereNode(connector=connector, negated=q_object.negated)
        joinpromoter = JoinPromoter(
            q_object.connector, len(q_object.children), current_negated
        )
        for child in q_object.children:
            child_clause, needed_inner = self.build_filter(
                child,
                can_reuse=used_aliases,
                branch_negated=branch_negated,
                current_negated=current_negated,
                allow_joins=allow_joins,
                split_subq=split_subq,
                check_filterable=check_filterable,
                summarize=summarize,
            )
            joinpromoter.add_votes(needed_inner)
            if child_clause:
                target_clause.add(child_clause, connector)
        needed_inner = joinpromoter.update_join_types(self)
        return target_clause, needed_inner

    def build_filtered_relation_q(
        self,
        q_object: Q,
        reuse: set[str],
        branch_negated: bool = False,
        current_negated: bool = False,
    ) -> WhereNode:
        """Add a FilteredRelation object to the current filter."""
        connector = q_object.connector
        current_negated ^= q_object.negated
        branch_negated = branch_negated or q_object.negated
        target_clause = WhereNode(connector=connector, negated=q_object.negated)
        for child in q_object.children:
            if isinstance(child, Node):
                child_clause = self.build_filtered_relation_q(
                    child,
                    reuse=reuse,
                    branch_negated=branch_negated,
                    current_negated=current_negated,
                )
            else:
                child_clause, _ = self.build_filter(
                    child,
                    can_reuse=reuse,
                    branch_negated=branch_negated,
                    current_negated=current_negated,
                    allow_joins=True,
                    split_subq=False,
                    reuse_with_filtered_relation=True,
                )
            target_clause.add(child_clause, connector)
        return target_clause

    def add_filtered_relation(self, filtered_relation: Any, alias: str) -> None:
        filtered_relation.alias = alias
        lookups = dict(get_children_from_q(filtered_relation.condition))
        relation_lookup_parts, relation_field_parts, _ = self.solve_lookup_type(
            filtered_relation.relation_name
        )
        if relation_lookup_parts:
            raise ValueError(
                "FilteredRelation's relation_name cannot contain lookups "
                f"(got {filtered_relation.relation_name!r})."
            )
        for lookup in chain(lookups):
            lookup_parts, lookup_field_parts, _ = self.solve_lookup_type(lookup)
            shift = 2 if not lookup_parts else 1
            lookup_field_path = lookup_field_parts[:-shift]
            for idx, lookup_field_part in enumerate(lookup_field_path):
                if len(relation_field_parts) > idx:
                    if relation_field_parts[idx] != lookup_field_part:
                        raise ValueError(
                            "FilteredRelation's condition doesn't support "
                            f"relations outside the {filtered_relation.relation_name!r} (got {lookup!r})."
                        )
                else:
                    raise ValueError(
                        "FilteredRelation's condition doesn't support nested "
                        f"relations deeper than the relation_name (got {lookup!r} for "
                        f"{filtered_relation.relation_name!r})."
                    )
        self._filtered_relations[filtered_relation.alias] = filtered_relation

    def names_to_path(
        self,
        names: list[str],
        meta: Meta,
        allow_many: bool = True,
        fail_on_missing: bool = False,
    ) -> tuple[list[Any], Field | ForeignObjectRel, tuple[Field, ...], list[str]]:
        """
        Walk the list of names and turns them into PathInfo tuples. A single
        name in 'names' can generate multiple PathInfos (m2m, for example).

        'names' is the path of names to travel, 'meta' is the Meta we
        start the name resolving from, 'allow_many' is as for setup_joins().
        If fail_on_missing is set to True, then a name that can't be resolved
        will generate a FieldError.

        Return a list of PathInfo tuples. In addition return the final field
        (the last used join field) and target (which is a field guaranteed to
        contain the same value as the final field). Finally, return those names
        that weren't found (which are likely transforms and the final lookup).
        """
        path, names_with_path = [], []
        for pos, name in enumerate(names):
            cur_names_with_path = (name, [])

            field = None
            filtered_relation = None
            try:
                if meta is None:
                    raise FieldDoesNotExist
                field = meta.get_field(name)
            except FieldDoesNotExist:
                if name in self.annotation_select:
                    field = self.annotation_select[name].output_field
                elif name in self._filtered_relations and pos == 0:
                    filtered_relation = self._filtered_relations[name]
                    if LOOKUP_SEP in filtered_relation.relation_name:
                        parts = filtered_relation.relation_name.split(LOOKUP_SEP)
                        filtered_relation_path, field, _, _ = self.names_to_path(
                            parts,
                            meta,
                            allow_many,
                            fail_on_missing,
                        )
                        path.extend(filtered_relation_path[:-1])
                    else:
                        field = meta.get_field(filtered_relation.relation_name)
            if field is None:
                # We didn't find the current field, so move position back
                # one step.
                pos -= 1
                if pos == -1 or fail_on_missing:
                    available = sorted(
                        [
                            *get_field_names_from_opts(meta),
                            *self.annotation_select,
                            *self._filtered_relations,
                        ]
                    )
                    raise FieldError(
                        "Cannot resolve keyword '{}' into field. "
                        "Choices are: {}".format(name, ", ".join(available))
                    )
                break

            # Lazy import to avoid circular dependency
            from plain.postgres.fields.related import ForeignKeyField as FK
            from plain.postgres.fields.related import ManyToManyField as M2M
            from plain.postgres.fields.reverse_related import ForeignObjectRel as FORel

            if isinstance(field, FK | M2M | FORel):
                pathinfos: list[PathInfo]
                if filtered_relation:
                    pathinfos = field.get_path_info(filtered_relation)
                else:
                    pathinfos = field.path_infos
                if not allow_many:
                    for inner_pos, p in enumerate(pathinfos):
                        if p.m2m:
                            cur_names_with_path[1].extend(pathinfos[0 : inner_pos + 1])
                            names_with_path.append(cur_names_with_path)
                            raise MultiJoin(pos + 1, names_with_path)
                last = pathinfos[-1]
                path.extend(pathinfos)
                final_field = last.join_field
                meta = last.to_meta
                targets = last.target_fields
                cur_names_with_path[1].extend(pathinfos)
                names_with_path.append(cur_names_with_path)
            else:
                # Local non-relational field.
                final_field = field
                targets = (field,)
                if fail_on_missing and pos + 1 != len(names):
                    raise FieldError(
                        f"Cannot resolve keyword {names[pos + 1]!r} into field. Join on '{name}'"
                        " not permitted."
                    )
                break
        return path, final_field, targets, names[pos + 1 :]

    def setup_joins(
        self,
        names: list[str],
        meta: Meta,
        alias: str,
        can_reuse: set[str] | None = None,
        allow_many: bool = True,
        reuse_with_filtered_relation: bool = False,
    ) -> JoinInfo:
        """
        Compute the necessary table joins for the passage through the fields
        given in 'names'. 'meta' is the Meta for the current model
        (which gives the table we are starting from), 'alias' is the alias for
        the table to start the joining from.

        The 'can_reuse' defines the reverse foreign key joins we can reuse. It
        can be None in which case all joins are reusable or a set of aliases
        that can be reused. Note that non-reverse foreign keys are always
        reusable when using setup_joins().

        The 'reuse_with_filtered_relation' can be used to force 'can_reuse'
        parameter and force the relation on the given connections.

        If 'allow_many' is False, then any reverse foreign key seen will
        generate a MultiJoin exception.

        Return the final field involved in the joins, the target field (used
        for any 'where' constraint), the final 'opts' value, the joins, the
        field path traveled to generate the joins, and a transform function
        that takes a field and alias and is equivalent to `field.get_col(alias)`
        in the simple case but wraps field transforms if they were included in
        names.

        The target field is the field containing the concrete value. Final
        field can be something different, for example foreign key pointing to
        that value. Final field is needed for example in some value
        conversions (convert 'obj' in fk__id=obj to pk val using the foreign
        key field for example).
        """
        joins = [alias]
        # The transform can't be applied yet, as joins must be trimmed later.
        # To avoid making every caller of this method look up transforms
        # directly, compute transforms here and create a partial that converts
        # fields to the appropriate wrapped version.

        def _base_transformer(field: Field, alias: str | None) -> Col:
            if not self.alias_cols:
                alias = None
            return field.get_col(alias)

        final_transformer: TransformWrapper | Callable[[Field, str | None], Col] = (
            _base_transformer
        )

        # Try resolving all the names as fields first. If there's an error,
        # treat trailing names as lookups until a field can be resolved.
        last_field_exception = None
        for pivot in range(len(names), 0, -1):
            try:
                path, final_field, targets, rest = self.names_to_path(
                    names[:pivot],
                    meta,
                    allow_many,
                    fail_on_missing=True,
                )
            except FieldError as exc:
                if pivot == 1:
                    # The first item cannot be a lookup, so it's safe
                    # to raise the field error here.
                    raise
                else:
                    last_field_exception = exc
            else:
                # The transforms are the remaining items that couldn't be
                # resolved into fields.
                transforms = names[pivot:]
                break
        for name in transforms:

            def transform(
                field: Field, alias: str | None, *, name: str, previous: Any
            ) -> BaseExpression:
                try:
                    wrapped = previous(field, alias)
                    return self.try_transform(wrapped, name)
                except FieldError:
                    # FieldError is raised if the transform doesn't exist.
                    if isinstance(final_field, Field) and last_field_exception:
                        raise last_field_exception
                    else:
                        raise

            final_transformer = TransformWrapper(
                transform, name=name, previous=final_transformer
            )
            final_transformer.has_transforms = True
        # Then, add the path to the query's joins. Note that we can't trim
        # joins at this stage - we will need the information about join type
        # of the trimmed joins.
        for join in path:
            if join.filtered_relation:
                filtered_relation = join.filtered_relation.clone()
                table_alias = filtered_relation.alias
            else:
                filtered_relation = None
                table_alias = None
            meta = join.to_meta
            if join.direct:
                nullable = self.is_nullable(join.join_field)
            else:
                nullable = True
            connection = self.join_class(
                meta.model.model_options.db_table,
                alias,
                table_alias,  # type: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
                INNER,
                join.join_field,
                nullable,
                filtered_relation=filtered_relation,
            )
            reuse = can_reuse if join.m2m or reuse_with_filtered_relation else None
            alias = self.join(
                connection,
                reuse=reuse,
                reuse_with_filtered_relation=reuse_with_filtered_relation,
            )
            joins.append(alias)
            if filtered_relation:
                filtered_relation.path = joins[:]
        return JoinInfo(final_field, targets, meta, joins, path, final_transformer)  # type: ignore[invalid-argument-type]

    def trim_joins(
        self, targets: tuple[Field, ...], joins: list[str], path: list[Any]
    ) -> tuple[tuple[Field, ...], str, list[str]]:
        """
        The 'target' parameter is the final field being joined to, 'joins'
        is the full list of join aliases. The 'path' contain the PathInfos
        used to create the joins.

        Return the final target field and table alias and the new active
        joins.

        Always trim any direct join if the target column is already in the
        previous table. Can't trim reverse joins as it's unknown if there's
        anything on the other side of the join.
        """
        joins = joins[:]
        for pos, info in enumerate(reversed(path)):
            if len(joins) == 1 or not info.direct:
                break
            if info.filtered_relation:
                break
            join_targets = {t.column for t in info.join_field.foreign_related_fields}
            cur_targets = {t.column for t in targets}
            if not cur_targets.issubset(join_targets):
                break
            targets_dict = {
                r[1].column: r[0]
                for r in info.join_field.related_fields
                if r[1].column in cur_targets
            }
            targets = tuple(targets_dict[t.column] for t in targets)
            self.unref_alias(joins.pop())
        return targets, joins[-1], joins

    @classmethod
    def _gen_cols(
        cls,
        exprs: Iterable[Any],
        include_external: bool = False,
        resolve_refs: bool = True,
    ) -> TypingIterator[Col]:
        for expr in exprs:
            if isinstance(expr, Col):
                yield expr
            elif include_external and callable(
                getattr(expr, "get_external_cols", None)
            ):
                yield from expr.get_external_cols()
            elif hasattr(expr, "get_source_expressions"):
                if not resolve_refs and isinstance(expr, Ref):
                    continue
                yield from cls._gen_cols(
                    expr.get_source_expressions(),
                    include_external=include_external,
                    resolve_refs=resolve_refs,
                )

    @classmethod
    def _gen_col_aliases(cls, exprs: Iterable[Any]) -> TypingIterator[str]:
        yield from (expr.alias for expr in cls._gen_cols(exprs))

    def resolve_ref(
        self,
        name: str,
        allow_joins: bool = True,
        reuse: set[str] | None = None,
        summarize: bool = False,
    ) -> BaseExpression:
        annotation = self.annotations.get(name)
        if annotation is not None:
            if not allow_joins:
                for alias in self._gen_col_aliases([annotation]):
                    if isinstance(self.alias_map[alias], Join):
                        raise FieldError(
                            "Joined field references are not permitted in this query"
                        )
            if summarize:
                # Summarize currently means we are doing an aggregate() query
                # which is executed as a wrapped subquery if any of the
                # aggregate() elements reference an existing annotation. In
                # that case we need to return a Ref to the subquery's annotation.
                if name not in self.annotation_select:
                    raise FieldError(
                        f"Cannot aggregate over the '{name}' alias. Use annotate() "
                        "to promote it."
                    )
                return Ref(name, self.annotation_select[name])
            else:
                return annotation
        else:
            field_list = name.split(LOOKUP_SEP)
            annotation = self.annotations.get(field_list[0])
            if annotation is not None:
                for transform in field_list[1:]:
                    annotation = self.try_transform(annotation, transform)
                return annotation
            initial_alias = self.get_initial_alias()
            assert initial_alias is not None
            assert self.model is not None, "Resolving field references requires a model"
            meta = self.model._model_meta
            join_info = self.setup_joins(
                field_list,
                meta,
                initial_alias,
                can_reuse=reuse,
            )
            targets, final_alias, join_list = self.trim_joins(
                join_info.targets, join_info.joins, join_info.path
            )
            if not allow_joins and len(join_list) > 1:
                raise FieldError(
                    "Joined field references are not permitted in this query"
                )
            if len(targets) > 1:
                raise FieldError(
                    "Referencing multicolumn fields with F() objects isn't supported"
                )
            # Verify that the last lookup in name is a field or a transform:
            # transform_function() raises FieldError if not.
            transform = join_info.transform_function(targets[0], final_alias)
            if reuse is not None:
                reuse.update(join_list)
            return transform

    def split_exclude(
        self,
        filter_expr: tuple[str, Any],
        can_reuse: set[str],
        names_with_path: list[tuple[str, list[Any]]],
    ) -> tuple[WhereNode, set[str] | tuple[()]]:
        """
        When doing an exclude against any kind of N-to-many relation, we need
        to use a subquery. This method constructs the nested query, given the
        original exclude filter (filter_expr) and the portion up to the first
        N-to-many relation field.

        For example, if the origin filter is ~Q(child__name='foo'), filter_expr
        is ('child__name', 'foo') and can_reuse is a set of joins usable for
        filters in the original query.

        We will turn this into equivalent of:
            WHERE NOT EXISTS(
                SELECT 1
                FROM child
                WHERE name = 'foo' AND child.parent_id = parent.id
                LIMIT 1
            )
        """
        # Generate the inner query.
        query = self.__class__(self.model)
        query._filtered_relations = self._filtered_relations
        filter_lhs, filter_rhs = filter_expr
        if isinstance(filter_rhs, OuterRef):
            filter_rhs = OuterRef(filter_rhs)
        elif isinstance(filter_rhs, F):
            filter_rhs = OuterRef(filter_rhs.name)
        query.add_filter(filter_lhs, filter_rhs)
        query.clear_ordering(force=True)
        # Try to have as simple as possible subquery -> trim leading joins from
        # the subquery.
        trimmed_prefix, contains_louter = query.trim_start(names_with_path)

        col = query.select[0]
        select_field = col.target
        alias = col.alias
        if alias in can_reuse:
            id_field = select_field.model._model_meta.get_forward_field("id")
            # Need to add a restriction so that outer query's filters are in effect for
            # the subquery, too.
            query.bump_prefix(self)
            lookup_class = select_field.get_lookup("exact")
            # Note that the query.select[0].alias is different from alias
            # due to bump_prefix above.
            lookup = lookup_class(
                id_field.get_col(query.select[0].alias), id_field.get_col(alias)
            )
            query.where.add(lookup, AND)
            query.external_aliases[alias] = True

        lookup_class = select_field.get_lookup("exact")
        lookup = lookup_class(col, ResolvedOuterRef(trimmed_prefix))
        query.where.add(lookup, AND)
        condition, needed_inner = self.build_filter(Exists(query))

        if contains_louter:
            or_null_condition, _ = self.build_filter(
                (f"{trimmed_prefix}__isnull", True),
                current_negated=True,
                branch_negated=True,
                can_reuse=can_reuse,
            )
            condition.add(or_null_condition, OR)
            # Note that the end result will be:
            # (outercol NOT IN innerq AND outercol IS NOT NULL) OR outercol IS NULL.
            # This might look crazy but due to how IN works, this seems to be
            # correct. If the IS NOT NULL check is removed then outercol NOT
            # IN will return UNKNOWN. If the IS NULL check is removed, then if
            # outercol IS NULL we will not match the row.
        return condition, needed_inner

    def set_empty(self) -> None:
        self.where.add(NothingNode(), AND)

    def is_empty(self) -> bool:
        return any(isinstance(c, NothingNode) for c in self.where.children)

    def set_limits(self, low: int | None = None, high: int | None = None) -> None:
        """
        Adjust the limits on the rows retrieved. Use low/high to set these,
        as it makes it more Pythonic to read and write. When the SQL query is
        created, convert them to the appropriate offset and limit values.

        Apply any limits passed in here to the existing constraints. Add low
        to the current low value and clamp both to any existing high value.
        """
        if high is not None:
            if self.high_mark is not None:
                self.high_mark = min(self.high_mark, self.low_mark + high)
            else:
                self.high_mark = self.low_mark + high
        if low is not None:
            if self.high_mark is not None:
                self.low_mark = min(self.high_mark, self.low_mark + low)
            else:
                self.low_mark = self.low_mark + low

        if self.low_mark == self.high_mark:
            self.set_empty()

    def clear_limits(self) -> None:
        """Clear any existing limits."""
        self.low_mark, self.high_mark = 0, None

    @property
    def is_sliced(self) -> bool:
        return self.low_mark != 0 or self.high_mark is not None

    def has_limit_one(self) -> bool:
        return self.high_mark is not None and (self.high_mark - self.low_mark) == 1

    def can_filter(self) -> bool:
        """
        Return True if adding filters to this instance is still possible.

        Typically, this means no limits or offsets have been put on the results.
        """
        return not self.is_sliced

    def clear_select_clause(self) -> None:
        """Remove all fields from SELECT clause."""
        self.select = ()
        self.default_cols = False
        self.select_related = False
        self.set_extra_mask(())
        self.set_annotation_mask(())

    def clear_select_fields(self) -> None:
        """
        Clear the list of fields to select (but not extra_select columns).
        Some queryset types completely replace any existing list of select
        columns.
        """
        self.select = ()
        self.values_select = ()

    def add_select_col(self, col: BaseExpression, name: str) -> None:
        self.select += (col,)
        self.values_select += (name,)

    def set_select(self, cols: list[Col] | tuple[Col, ...]) -> None:
        self.default_cols = False
        self.select = tuple(cols)

    def add_distinct_fields(self, *field_names: str) -> None:
        """
        Add and resolve the given fields to the query's "distinct on" clause.
        """
        self.distinct_fields = field_names
        self.distinct = True

    def add_fields(
        self, field_names: list[str] | TypingIterator[str], allow_m2m: bool = True
    ) -> None:
        """
        Add the given (model) fields to the select set. Add the field names in
        the order specified.
        """
        alias = self.get_initial_alias()
        assert alias is not None
        assert self.model is not None, "add_fields() requires a model"
        meta = self.model._model_meta

        try:
            cols = []
            for name in field_names:
                # Join promotion note - we must not remove any rows here, so
                # if there is no existing joins, use outer join.
                join_info = self.setup_joins(
                    name.split(LOOKUP_SEP), meta, alias, allow_many=allow_m2m
                )
                targets, final_alias, joins = self.trim_joins(
                    join_info.targets,
                    join_info.joins,
                    join_info.path,
                )
                for target in targets:
                    cols.append(join_info.transform_function(target, final_alias))
            if cols:
                self.set_select(cols)
        except MultiJoin:
            raise FieldError(f"Invalid field name: '{name}'")
        except FieldError:
            if LOOKUP_SEP in name:
                # For lookups spanning over relationships, show the error
                # from the model on which the lookup failed.
                raise
            elif name in self.annotations:
                raise FieldError(
                    f"Cannot select the '{name}' alias. Use annotate() to promote it."
                )
            else:
                names = sorted(
                    [
                        *get_field_names_from_opts(meta),
                        *self.extra,
                        *self.annotation_select,
                        *self._filtered_relations,
                    ]
                )
                raise FieldError(
                    "Cannot resolve keyword {!r} into field. Choices are: {}".format(
                        name, ", ".join(names)
                    )
                )

    def add_ordering(self, *ordering: str | BaseExpression) -> None:
        """
        Add items from the 'ordering' sequence to the query's "order by"
        clause. These items are either field names (not column names) --
        possibly with a direction prefix ('-' or '?') -- or OrderBy
        expressions.

        If 'ordering' is empty, clear all ordering from the query.
        """
        errors = []
        for item in ordering:
            if isinstance(item, str):
                if item == "?":
                    continue
                item = item.removeprefix("-")
                if item in self.annotations:
                    continue
                if self.extra and item in self.extra:
                    continue
                # names_to_path() validates the lookup. A descriptive
                # FieldError will be raise if it's not.
                assert self.model is not None, "ORDER BY field names require a model"
                self.names_to_path(item.split(LOOKUP_SEP), self.model._model_meta)
            elif not isinstance(item, ResolvableExpression):
                errors.append(item)
            if getattr(item, "contains_aggregate", False):
                raise FieldError(
                    "Using an aggregate in order_by() without also including "
                    f"it in annotate() is not allowed: {item}"
                )
        if errors:
            raise FieldError(f"Invalid order_by arguments: {errors}")
        if ordering:
            self.order_by += ordering
        else:
            self.default_ordering = False

    def clear_ordering(self, force: bool = False, clear_default: bool = True) -> None:
        """
        Remove any ordering settings if the current query allows it without
        side effects, set 'force' to True to clear the ordering regardless.
        If 'clear_default' is True, there will be no ordering in the resulting
        query (not even the model's default).
        """
        if not force and (
            self.is_sliced or self.distinct_fields or self.select_for_update
        ):
            return
        self.order_by = ()
        self.extra_order_by = ()
        if clear_default:
            self.default_ordering = False

    def set_group_by(self, allow_aliases: bool = True) -> None:
        """
        Expand the GROUP BY clause required by the query.

        This will usually be the set of all non-aggregate fields in the
        return data. If the database backend supports grouping by the
        primary key, and the query would be equivalent, the optimization
        will be made automatically.
        """
        if allow_aliases and self.values_select:
            # If grouping by aliases is allowed assign selected value aliases
            # by moving them to annotations.
            group_by_annotations = {}
            values_select = {}
            for alias, expr in zip(self.values_select, self.select):
                if isinstance(expr, Col):
                    values_select[alias] = expr
                else:
                    group_by_annotations[alias] = expr
            self.annotations = {**group_by_annotations, **self.annotations}
            self.append_annotation_mask(group_by_annotations)
            self.select = tuple(values_select.values())
            self.values_select = tuple(values_select)
        group_by = list(self.select)
        for alias, annotation in self.annotation_select.items():
            if not (group_by_cols := annotation.get_group_by_cols()):
                continue
            if allow_aliases and not annotation.contains_aggregate:
                group_by.append(Ref(alias, annotation))
            else:
                group_by.extend(group_by_cols)
        self.group_by = tuple(group_by)

    def add_select_related(self, fields: list[str]) -> None:
        """
        Set up the select_related data structure so that we only select
        certain related models (as opposed to all models, when
        self.select_related=True).
        """
        if isinstance(self.select_related, bool):
            field_dict: dict[str, Any] = {}
        else:
            field_dict = self.select_related
        for field in fields:
            d = field_dict
            for part in field.split(LOOKUP_SEP):
                d = d.setdefault(part, {})
        self.select_related = field_dict

    def add_extra(
        self,
        select: dict[str, str],
        select_params: list[Any] | None,
        where: list[str],
        params: list[Any],
        tables: list[str],
        order_by: tuple[str, ...],
    ) -> None:
        """
        Add data to the various extra_* attributes for user-created additions
        to the query.
        """
        if select:
            # We need to pair any placeholder markers in the 'select'
            # dictionary with their parameters in 'select_params' so that
            # subsequent updates to the select dictionary also adjust the
            # parameters appropriately.
            select_pairs = {}
            if select_params:
                param_iter = iter(select_params)
            else:
                param_iter = iter([])
            for name, entry in select.items():
                self.check_alias(name)
                entry = str(entry)
                entry_params = []
                pos = entry.find("%s")
                while pos != -1:
                    if pos == 0 or entry[pos - 1] != "%":
                        entry_params.append(next(param_iter))
                    pos = entry.find("%s", pos + 2)
                select_pairs[name] = (entry, entry_params)
            self.extra.update(select_pairs)
        if where or params:
            self.where.add(ExtraWhere(where, params), AND)
        if tables:
            self.extra_tables += tuple(tables)
        if order_by:
            self.extra_order_by = order_by

    def clear_deferred_loading(self) -> None:
        """Remove any fields from the deferred loading set."""
        self.deferred_loading = (frozenset(), True)

    def add_deferred_loading(self, field_names: frozenset[str]) -> None:
        """
        Add the given list of model field names to the set of fields to
        exclude from loading from the database when automatic column selection
        is done. Add the new field names to any existing field names that
        are deferred (or removed from any existing field names that are marked
        as the only ones for immediate loading).
        """
        # Fields on related models are stored in the literal double-underscore
        # format, so that we can use a set datastructure. We do the foo__bar
        # splitting and handling when computing the SQL column names (as part of
        # get_columns()).
        existing, defer = self.deferred_loading
        existing_set = set(existing)
        if defer:
            # Add to existing deferred names.
            self.deferred_loading = frozenset(existing_set.union(field_names)), True
        else:
            # Remove names from the set of any existing "immediate load" names.
            if new_existing := existing_set.difference(field_names):
                self.deferred_loading = frozenset(new_existing), False
            else:
                self.clear_deferred_loading()
                if new_only := set(field_names).difference(existing_set):
                    self.deferred_loading = frozenset(new_only), True

    def add_immediate_loading(self, field_names: list[str] | set[str]) -> None:
        """
        Add the given list of model field names to the set of fields to
        retrieve when the SQL is executed ("immediate loading" fields). The
        field names replace any existing immediate loading field names. If
        there are field names already specified for deferred loading, remove
        those names from the new field_names before storing the new names
        for immediate loading. (That is, immediate loading overrides any
        existing immediate values, but respects existing deferrals.)
        """
        existing, defer = self.deferred_loading
        field_names_set = set(field_names)

        if defer:
            # Remove any existing deferred names from the current set before
            # setting the new names.
            self.deferred_loading = (
                frozenset(field_names_set.difference(existing)),
                False,
            )
        else:
            # Replace any existing "immediate load" field names.
            self.deferred_loading = frozenset(field_names_set), False

    def set_annotation_mask(
        self,
        names: set[str]
        | frozenset[str]
        | list[str]
        | tuple[str, ...]
        | dict[str, Any]
        | None,
    ) -> None:
        """Set the mask of annotations that will be returned by the SELECT."""
        if names is None:
            self.annotation_select_mask = None
        else:
            self.annotation_select_mask = set(names)
        self._annotation_select_cache = None

    def append_annotation_mask(self, names: list[str] | dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        if self.annotation_select_mask is not None:
            self.set_annotation_mask(self.annotation_select_mask.union(names))

    def set_extra_mask(
        self, names: set[str] | list[str] | tuple[str, ...] | None
    ) -> None:
        """
        Set the mask of extra select items that will be returned by SELECT.
        Don't remove them from the Query since they might be used later.
        """
        if names is None:
            self.extra_select_mask = None
        else:
            self.extra_select_mask = set(names)
        self._extra_select_cache = None

    def set_values(self, fields: list[str]) -> None:
        self.select_related = False
        self.clear_deferred_loading()
        self.clear_select_fields()
        self.has_select_fields = True

        if fields:
            field_names = []
            extra_names = []
            annotation_names = []
            if not self.extra and not self.annotations:
                # Shortcut - if there are no extra or annotations, then
                # the values() clause must be just field names.
                field_names = list(fields)
            else:
                self.default_cols = False
                for f in fields:
                    if f in self.extra_select:
                        extra_names.append(f)
                    elif f in self.annotation_select:
                        annotation_names.append(f)
                    else:
                        field_names.append(f)
            self.set_extra_mask(extra_names)
            self.set_annotation_mask(annotation_names)
            selected = frozenset(field_names + extra_names + annotation_names)
        else:
            assert self.model is not None, "Default values query requires a model"
            field_names = [f.attname for f in self.model._model_meta.concrete_fields]
            selected = frozenset(field_names)
        # Selected annotations must be known before setting the GROUP BY
        # clause.
        if self.group_by is True:
            assert self.model is not None, "GROUP BY True requires a model"
            self.add_fields(
                (f.attname for f in self.model._model_meta.concrete_fields), False
            )
            # Disable GROUP BY aliases to avoid orphaning references to the
            # SELECT clause which is about to be cleared.
            self.set_group_by(allow_aliases=False)
            self.clear_select_fields()
        elif self.group_by:
            # Resolve GROUP BY annotation references if they are not part of
            # the selected fields anymore.
            group_by = []
            for expr in self.group_by:
                if isinstance(expr, Ref) and expr.refs not in selected:
                    expr = self.annotations[expr.refs]
                group_by.append(expr)
            self.group_by = tuple(group_by)

        self.values_select = tuple(field_names)
        self.add_fields(field_names, True)

    @property
    def annotation_select(self) -> dict[str, BaseExpression]:
        """
        Return the dictionary of aggregate columns that are not masked and
        should be used in the SELECT clause. Cache this result for performance.
        """
        if self._annotation_select_cache is not None:
            return self._annotation_select_cache
        elif not self.annotations:
            return {}
        elif self.annotation_select_mask is not None:
            self._annotation_select_cache = {
                k: v
                for k, v in self.annotations.items()
                if k in self.annotation_select_mask
            }
            return self._annotation_select_cache
        else:
            return self.annotations

    @property
    def extra_select(self) -> dict[str, tuple[str, list[Any]]]:
        if self._extra_select_cache is not None:
            return self._extra_select_cache
        if not self.extra:
            return {}
        elif self.extra_select_mask is not None:
            self._extra_select_cache = {
                k: v for k, v in self.extra.items() if k in self.extra_select_mask
            }
            return self._extra_select_cache
        else:
            return self.extra

    def trim_start(
        self, names_with_path: list[tuple[str, list[Any]]]
    ) -> tuple[str, bool]:
        """
        Trim joins from the start of the join path. The candidates for trim
        are the PathInfos in names_with_path structure that are m2m joins.

        Also set the select column so the start matches the join.

        This method is meant to be used for generating the subquery joins &
        cols in split_exclude().

        Return a lookup usable for doing outerq.filter(lookup=self) and a
        boolean indicating if the joins in the prefix contain a LEFT OUTER join.
        _"""
        all_paths = []
        for _, paths in names_with_path:
            all_paths.extend(paths)
        contains_louter = False
        # Trim and operate only on tables that were generated for
        # the lookup part of the query. That is, avoid trimming
        # joins generated for F() expressions.
        lookup_tables = [
            t for t in self.alias_map if t in self._lookup_joins or t == self.base_table
        ]
        for trimmed_paths, path in enumerate(all_paths):
            if path.m2m:
                break
            if self.alias_map[lookup_tables[trimmed_paths + 1]].join_type == LOUTER:
                contains_louter = True
            alias = lookup_tables[trimmed_paths]
            self.unref_alias(alias)
        # The path.join_field is a Rel, lets get the other side's field
        join_field = path.join_field.field
        # Build the filter prefix.
        paths_in_prefix = trimmed_paths
        trimmed_prefix = []
        for name, path in names_with_path:
            if paths_in_prefix - len(path) < 0:
                break
            trimmed_prefix.append(name)
            paths_in_prefix -= len(path)
        trimmed_prefix.append(join_field.foreign_related_fields[0].name)
        trimmed_prefix = LOOKUP_SEP.join(trimmed_prefix)
        # Lets still see if we can trim the first join from the inner query
        # (that is, self). We can't do this for:
        # - LEFT JOINs because we would miss those rows that have nothing on
        #   the outer side,
        # - INNER JOINs from filtered relations because we would miss their
        #   filters.
        first_join = self.alias_map[lookup_tables[trimmed_paths + 1]]
        if first_join.join_type != LOUTER and not first_join.filtered_relation:
            select_fields = [r[0] for r in join_field.related_fields]
            select_alias = lookup_tables[trimmed_paths + 1]
            self.unref_alias(lookup_tables[trimmed_paths])
        else:
            # TODO: It might be possible to trim more joins from the start of the
            # inner query if it happens to have a longer join chain containing the
            # values in select_fields. Lets punt this one for now.
            select_fields = [r[1] for r in join_field.related_fields]
            select_alias = lookup_tables[trimmed_paths]
        # The found starting point is likely a join_class instead of a
        # base_table_class reference. But the first entry in the query's FROM
        # clause must not be a JOIN.
        for table in self.alias_map:
            if self.alias_refcount[table] > 0:
                self.alias_map[table] = self.base_table_class(
                    self.alias_map[table].table_name,
                    table,
                )
                break
        self.set_select([f.get_col(select_alias) for f in select_fields])
        return trimmed_prefix, contains_louter

    def is_nullable(self, field: Field) -> bool:
        """Check if the given field should be treated as nullable."""
        # QuerySet does not have knowledge of which connection is going to be
        # used. For the single-database setup we always reference the default
        # connection here.
        return field.allow_null


def get_order_dir(field: str, default: str = "ASC") -> tuple[str, str]:
    """
    Return the field name and direction for an order specification. For
    example, '-foo' is returned as ('foo', 'DESC').

    The 'default' param is used to indicate which way no prefix (or a '+'
    prefix) should sort. The '-' prefix always sorts the opposite way.
    """
    dirn = ORDER_DIR[default]
    if field[0] == "-":
        return field[1:], dirn[1]
    return field, dirn[0]


class JoinPromoter:
    """
    A class to abstract away join promotion problems for complex filter
    conditions.
    """

    def __init__(self, connector: str, num_children: int, negated: bool):
        self.connector = connector
        self.negated = negated
        if self.negated:
            if connector == AND:
                self.effective_connector = OR
            else:
                self.effective_connector = AND
        else:
            self.effective_connector = self.connector
        self.num_children = num_children
        # Maps of table alias to how many times it is seen as required for
        # inner and/or outer joins.
        self.votes = Counter()

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return (
            f"{self.__class__.__qualname__}(connector={self.connector!r}, "
            f"num_children={self.num_children!r}, negated={self.negated!r})"
        )

    def add_votes(self, votes: Any) -> None:
        """
        Add single vote per item to self.votes. Parameter can be any
        iterable.
        """
        self.votes.update(votes)

    def update_join_types(self, query: Query) -> set[str]:
        """
        Change join types so that the generated query is as efficient as
        possible, but still correct. So, change as many joins as possible
        to INNER, but don't make OUTER joins INNER if that could remove
        results from the query.
        """
        to_promote = set()
        to_demote = set()
        # The effective_connector is used so that NOT (a AND b) is treated
        # similarly to (a OR b) for join promotion.
        for table, votes in self.votes.items():
            # We must use outer joins in OR case when the join isn't contained
            # in all of the joins. Otherwise the INNER JOIN itself could remove
            # valid results. Consider the case where a model with rel_a and
            # rel_b relations is queried with rel_a__col=1 | rel_b__col=2. Now,
            # if rel_a join doesn't produce any results is null (for example
            # reverse foreign key or null value in direct foreign key), and
            # there is a matching row in rel_b with col=2, then an INNER join
            # to rel_a would remove a valid match from the query. So, we need
            # to promote any existing INNER to LOUTER (it is possible this
            # promotion in turn will be demoted later on).
            if self.effective_connector == OR and votes < self.num_children:
                to_promote.add(table)
            # If connector is AND and there is a filter that can match only
            # when there is a joinable row, then use INNER. For example, in
            # rel_a__col=1 & rel_b__col=2, if either of the rels produce NULL
            # as join output, then the col=1 or col=2 can't match (as
            # NULL=anything is always false).
            # For the OR case, if all children voted for a join to be inner,
            # then we can use INNER for the join. For example:
            #     (rel_a__col__icontains=Alex | rel_a__col__icontains=Russell)
            # then if rel_a doesn't produce any rows, the whole condition
            # can't match. Hence we can safely use INNER join.
            if self.effective_connector == AND or (
                self.effective_connector == OR and votes == self.num_children
            ):
                to_demote.add(table)
            # Finally, what happens in cases where we have:
            #    (rel_a__col=1|rel_b__col=2) & rel_a__col__gte=0
            # Now, we first generate the OR clause, and promote joins for it
            # in the first if branch above. Both rel_a and rel_b are promoted
            # to LOUTER joins. After that we do the AND case. The OR case
            # voted no inner joins but the rel_a__col__gte=0 votes inner join
            # for rel_a. We demote it back to INNER join (in AND case a single
            # vote is enough). The demotion is OK, if rel_a doesn't produce
            # rows, then the rel_a__col__gte=0 clause can't be true, and thus
            # the whole clause must be false. So, it is safe to use INNER
            # join.
            # Note that in this example we could just as well have the __gte
            # clause and the OR clause swapped. Or we could replace the __gte
            # clause with an OR clause containing rel_a__col=1|rel_a__col=2,
            # and again we could safely demote to INNER.
        query.promote_joins(to_promote)
        query.demote_joins(to_demote)
        return to_demote


# ##### Query subclasses (merged from subqueries.py) #####


class DeleteQuery(Query):
    """A DELETE SQL query."""

    def get_compiler(self, *, elide_empty: bool = True) -> SQLDeleteCompiler:
        from plain.postgres.sql.compiler import SQLDeleteCompiler

        return SQLDeleteCompiler(self, get_connection(), elide_empty)

    def do_query(self, table: str, where: Any) -> int:
        from plain.postgres.sql.constants import CURSOR

        self.alias_map = {table: self.alias_map[table]}
        self.where = where
        cursor = self.get_compiler().execute_sql(CURSOR)
        if cursor:
            with cursor:
                return cursor.rowcount
        return 0

    def delete_batch(self, id_list: list[Any]) -> int:
        """
        Set up and execute delete queries for all the objects in id_list.

        More than one physical query may be executed if there are a
        lot of values in id_list.
        """
        from plain.postgres.sql.constants import GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE

        # number of objects deleted
        num_deleted = 0
        assert self.model is not None, "DELETE requires a model"
        meta = self.model._model_meta
        field = meta.get_forward_field("id")
        for offset in range(0, len(id_list), GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE):
            self.clear_where()
            self.add_filter(
                f"{field.attname}__in",
                id_list[offset : offset + GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE],
            )
            num_deleted += self.do_query(self.model.model_options.db_table, self.where)
        return num_deleted


class UpdateQuery(Query):
    """An UPDATE SQL query."""

    def get_compiler(self, *, elide_empty: bool = True) -> SQLUpdateCompiler:
        from plain.postgres.sql.compiler import SQLUpdateCompiler

        return SQLUpdateCompiler(self, get_connection(), elide_empty)

    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self._setup_query()

    def _setup_query(self) -> None:
        """
        Run on initialization and at the end of chaining. Any attributes that
        would normally be set in __init__() should go here instead.
        """
        self.values: list[tuple[Any, Any, Any]] = []
        self.related_ids: dict[Any, list[Any]] | None = None
        self.related_updates: dict[Any, list[tuple[Any, Any, Any]]] = {}

    def clone(self) -> UpdateQuery:
        obj = super().clone()
        obj.related_updates = self.related_updates.copy()
        return obj

    def update_batch(self, id_list: list[Any], values: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        from plain.postgres.sql.constants import GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE, NO_RESULTS

        self.add_update_values(values)
        for offset in range(0, len(id_list), GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE):
            self.clear_where()
            self.add_filter(
                "id__in", id_list[offset : offset + GET_ITERATOR_CHUNK_SIZE]
            )
            self.get_compiler().execute_sql(NO_RESULTS)

    def add_update_values(self, values: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        """
        Convert a dictionary of field name to value mappings into an update
        query. This is the entry point for the public update() method on
        querysets.
        """

        assert self.model is not None, "UPDATE requires model metadata"
        meta = self.model._model_meta
        values_seq = []
        for name, val in values.items():
            field = meta.get_field(name)
            direct = (
                not (field.auto_created and not field.concrete) or not field.concrete
            )
            model = field.model
            from plain.postgres.fields.related import ManyToManyField

            if not direct or isinstance(field, ManyToManyField):
                raise FieldError(
                    f"Cannot update model field {field!r} (only non-relations and "
                    "foreign keys permitted)."
                )
            if model is not meta.model:
                self.add_related_update(model, field, val)
                continue
            values_seq.append((field, model, val))
        return self.add_update_fields(values_seq)

    def add_update_fields(self, values_seq: list[tuple[Any, Any, Any]]) -> None:
        """
        Append a sequence of (field, model, value) triples to the internal list
        that will be used to generate the UPDATE query. Might be more usefully
        called add_update_targets() to hint at the extra information here.
        """
        for field, model, val in values_seq:
            if isinstance(val, ResolvableExpression):
                # Resolve expressions here so that annotations are no longer needed
                val = val.resolve_expression(self, allow_joins=False, for_save=True)
            self.values.append((field, model, val))

    def add_related_update(self, model: Any, field: Any, value: Any) -> None:
        """
        Add (name, value) to an update query for an ancestor model.

        Update are coalesced so that only one update query per ancestor is run.
        """
        self.related_updates.setdefault(model, []).append((field, None, value))

    def get_related_updates(self) -> list[UpdateQuery]:
        """
        Return a list of query objects: one for each update required to an
        ancestor model. Each query will have the same filtering conditions as
        the current query but will only update a single table.
        """
        if not self.related_updates:
            return []
        result = []
        for model, values in self.related_updates.items():
            query = UpdateQuery(model)
            query.values = values
            if self.related_ids is not None:
                query.add_filter("id__in", self.related_ids[model])
            result.append(query)
        return result


class InsertQuery(Query):
    def get_compiler(self, *, elide_empty: bool = True) -> SQLInsertCompiler:
        from plain.postgres.sql.compiler import SQLInsertCompiler

        return SQLInsertCompiler(self, get_connection(), elide_empty)

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        raise NotImplementedError(
            "InsertQuery does not support __str__(). "
            "Use get_compiler().as_sql() which returns a list of SQL statements."
        )

    def sql_with_params(self) -> Any:
        raise NotImplementedError(
            "InsertQuery does not support sql_with_params(). "
            "Use get_compiler().as_sql() which returns a list of SQL statements."
        )

    def __init__(
        self,
        *args: Any,
        on_conflict: OnConflict | None = None,
        update_fields: list[Field] | None = None,
        unique_fields: list[Field] | None = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.fields: list[Field] = []
        self.objs: list[Any] = []
        self.on_conflict = on_conflict
        self.update_fields: list[Field] = update_fields or []
        self.unique_fields: list[Field] = unique_fields or []

    def insert_values(
        self, fields: list[Any], objs: list[Any], raw: bool = False
    ) -> None:
        self.fields = fields
        self.objs = objs
        self.raw = raw


class AggregateQuery(Query):
    """
    Take another query as a parameter to the FROM clause and only select the
    elements in the provided list.
    """

    def get_compiler(self, *, elide_empty: bool = True) -> SQLAggregateCompiler:
        from plain.postgres.sql.compiler import SQLAggregateCompiler

        return SQLAggregateCompiler(self, get_connection(), elide_empty)

    def __init__(self, model: Any, inner_query: Any) -> None:
        self.inner_query = inner_query
        super().__init__(model)
On this page